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Strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)- pathophysciology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Group A streptococcus also known as streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacterial slightest here is a mouth with fur Ingo tonsillitis inflammation of both the pharynx and the tonsils here’s a photo of bacterial tonsillitis Farren go tonsillitis caused by Group A streptococcus it’s sometimes referred to as strep throat the majority of episodes of pharyngitis are caused by viral infections which are usually treated conservatively however early recognition of streptococcus pyogenes is important since failure to appropriately treat strep throat may lead to Group A streptococcus complications unfortunately distinguishing between viral and bacterial causes can be difficult the Group A streptococcus rb2 hemolytic cock-eyed able to produce some exotoxins and also contain many surface antigens that play a vital role in the pathophysiology such as the EM proteins transmission of strep throat is through saliva and nasal secretions from an infected person here Group A streptococcus targets Palatine tonsils however it’s also important to remember Group A streptococcus is an important commensal organism as well meaning that a lot of people have Group A streptococcus.

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Normally residing in their oral cavity and nasal cavity the incubation period of strep throat is usually two to five days of no symptoms when symptoms do arise bacterial tonsillitis causes sudden onset fevers sore throat pharyngitis and tonsillitis which is reddening of the tonsils enlargement and purlin exudate on the soft palate you can also see palate petechia here again is a photo of strep throat note the enlarged tonsils and exudate in yellow other features include dysphasia difficulty swallowing Odin aphasia pain when swallowing and tender cervical lymph adenopathy on physical examination the pharynx is red tonsils are red andenlarged with purlin exudate a throat swab can be performed a throat swab with microscopy culture and sensitivity in blood agar will help diagnose Group A.

Streptococcus because it will show a eita hemolytic cocci the throat swab for rapid antigen detection tests are ADT can also be used in general though throat swabs are not very useful because remember Group A streptococcus are commensal organisms in many people other investigations include a full blood count which will so neutrophilia high neutrophils it’s important concept to remember to help differentiate viral and bacterial tonsillitis remember lymphocytosis supports a viral cause of acute tonsillitis whereas neutrophilia supports more of a bacterial cause early recognition and management is important to reduce the complications associated with Group A streptococcus throat infection.

The management of certain countries throat infection is antibiotics specifically penicillins or amoxicillin it’s also important to monitor for complications of the antibiotics firstly if a rash eruption occurs think to yourself could this be a virus penicillin reaction which will support a diagnosis of epstein-barr virus tonsillitis rather than in bacterial tonsillitis in which case the antibiotic should be stopped the second thing to think about is whether this could be a proper allergic reaction to the penicillin in which the antibiotic should be changed thirdly another differential for rash eruption with someone who has strep throat and has been commenced on antibiotics is scarlet fever antibiotics is first-line treatment however for people with recurrent tonsillitis or severe tonsillitis surgery to remove the tonsils is indicated this is called tonsillectomy other complications of group shikaka specifically can be divided into suppurative complications and non suppurative complications suppurative complications include peritonsillar abscess para pharyngeal space abscess or Retro pharyngeal abscess sinusitis where the infection extends to sinuses as well as acute otitis media the infection spreads up the eustachian tube into the middle ear cavity cellulitis an impetigo of different regions around the mouth as well as the ear meningitis a serious complications as well as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis another very serious complication the suppurative complications of Group A streptococcus is because the bacteria is able to spread from its initial location mounting an immune response and inflammation elsewhere.

The non suppurative complications of Group A streptococcus is usually a result of exotoxins and M proteins of the bacteria for example an immune cell called the antigen presenting cell can engulf the bacteria Group A streptococcus and present the M protein of the bacteria to the adaptive immune system made up of the t cells and b cell it will present the M protein antigens to these guys in the lymph nodes for example so that they can mount an immune response towards the M protein when the adaptive immune system is activated the B cells which are your antibody producing cells will start making antibodies against the M proteins unfortunately the M proteins share similar structure to many other cells in our body and can also trigger unnecessary immune complex formation and response elsewhere this can result in rheumatic fever when the antibodies start attacking the body’s own cells through molecular mimicry the antibodies produced against the group a streptococcus antigens can form immune complexes and also accidentally attack the kidneys causing post streptococcal glomerular nephritis the antibodies against M proteins can also cross react with the heart structures leaning to rheumatic heart disease finally extra toxins produced by Group A streptococcus can lead to scarlet fever I’d be enjoyed this overview video of Group A streptococcus throat infection also known as strep throat thank you.

STREP THROAT

How do you know if you have strep throat or just a sore throat?

Signs and symptoms of strep throat are very similar to an ordinary sore throat, but in general strep throat has: White patches on the tonsils or back of the throat. Just a sore throat without cough/cold symptoms like a runny nose or congestion. Swollen lymph nodes (right below the earlobes)

Can strep throat go away on its own?

If you have strep throat—which is caused by bacteria—your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic, such as penicillin. But strep throat goes away on its own in 3 to 7 days with or without antibiotics. Antibiotics may not make you well faster.

STREP THROAT COMPLETE GUIDE

What can be mistaken for strep throat?

Tonsillitis and strep throat are similar illnesses that affect the inside of the throat and surrounding tissue. They also share many of the same symptoms, including sore throat, headache, fatigue, and fever. Because tonsillitis and strep throat are so similar, it can be difficult to tell them apart.

What does strep throat look like virus?

You might see white dots or patches in the back of your throat. Your tonsils — the bumps on either side at the back of your throat — might be red and swollen, too. These could be signs of bacterial infection like strep throat or oral thrush, or a viral infection like oral herpes or mononucleosis.

How long is strep contagious for?

Strep throat can be contagious for about 2-3 weeks in individuals who are not taking antibiotics. However, individuals who do take antibiotics for strep throat usually are no longer contagious about 24- 48 hours after initiating antibiotic therapy.